Lung Cancer Facts and Figures

Oct 13, 2025 by miodeya.com 119 views

Relationship of Stage and Tumor Presenting Score (TPS) Programmed Death Ligand-1 in Lung Adenocarcinoma Patients in Medan City in 2018: A Descriptive Study

Introduction

Lung cancer is a serious health problem that has become one of the main causes of death from malignancy worldwide. Despite the development of surgical and medical therapy measures, many cases of lung cancer are diagnosed at an advanced stage, making it essential to develop a more effective treatment strategy. Immunotherapy with a blockpoint receptor of the Checkpoint Programmed Death Ligand 1 (PD-L1) has emerged as a new hope in handling lung cancer. This study aims to investigate the relationship between stage and tumor presenting score (TPS) programmed death ligand-1 in lung adenocarcinoma patients in Medan City in 2018.

Background

Lung cancer is a complex and multifactorial disease that is influenced by various genetic and environmental factors. The development of lung cancer is often associated with smoking, which is the leading cause of lung cancer worldwide. However, not all smokers develop lung cancer, and not all lung cancer patients have a history of smoking. Therefore, it is essential to identify other risk factors and biomarkers that can help in the early detection and treatment of lung cancer.

PD-L1 is a protein that is expressed on the surface of cancer cells and plays a crucial role in the immune response. When PD-L1 binds to its receptor, PD-1, it inhibits the activation of T-cells, which are essential for the immune response against cancer cells. Immunotherapy with monoclonal antibodies targeting PD-L1 has emerged as a new treatment strategy for lung cancer, and it has shown promising results in clinical trials.

Methodology

This study is an analytical descriptive study conducted in 35 specimens of the paraffin blocks of patients with lung adenocarcinoma in the city of Medan in 2018. The specimens were diagnosed before and were colored with Dako PD-L1 IHC 22C3 PharmDX. The reading of the coloring results was carried out by two blind methods. The study aimed to investigate the relationship between stage and tumor presenting score (TPS) programmed death ligand-1 in lung adenocarcinoma patients in Medan City in 2018.

Results

The results showed that most patients (88.6%) were male with an age range of 40-60 years. As many as 45.7% of patients had a mild smoking status (IB), while 82.5% of patients were at an advanced clinical stage (IV). Further analysis showed a positive correlation between PD-L1 expressions and the status of heavy smokers and high cancer stage. This indicates that PD-L1 may play an important role in the development of lung cancer.

Discussion

The findings of this study have important implications in handling lung cancer patients. Examination of PD-L1 expression can help doctors in determining the most effective treatment strategies, including immunotherapy with monoclonal antibodies targeting PD-L1. The results of this study suggest that PD-L1 may be a useful biomarker for predicting the response to immunotherapy in lung cancer patients.

Conclusion

In conclusion, this study has shown a positive correlation between PD-L1 expressions and the status of heavy smokers and high cancer stage. This indicates that PD-L1 may play an important role in the development of lung cancer. Further research is needed to confirm this finding and to understand more in the role of PD-L1 in the development and treatment of lung cancer. By increasing understanding of the PD-L1 mechanism in lung cancer, it is hoped that more effective therapy and personalization can be developed to increase patient life expectancy.

Limitations

This study has several limitations. The sample size was small, and the study was conducted in a single city. Therefore, the results may not be generalizable to other populations. Additionally, the study was conducted in 2018, and the results may not reflect the current situation. Further research is needed to confirm the findings of this study and to understand more in the role of PD-L1 in the development and treatment of lung cancer.

Future Directions

Further research is needed to confirm the findings of this study and to understand more in the role of PD-L1 in the development and treatment of lung cancer. This can be achieved through larger and more diverse studies that investigate the relationship between PD-L1 expressions and the status of heavy smokers and high cancer stage. Additionally, further research is needed to understand the mechanism of PD-L1 in lung cancer and to develop more effective therapy and personalization.

References

[1] Rizal, F. (2018). Relationship of Stage and Tumor Presenting Score (TPS) Programmed Death Ligand-1 in Lung Adenocarcinoma Patients in Medan City in 2018: A Descriptive Study. Master's Thesis, Universitas Sumatera Utara.
[2] Lung Cancer Facts and Figures. (2020). American Cancer Society.
[3] PD-L1 Expression in Lung Cancer. (2020). National Cancer Institute.
[4] Immunotherapy for Lung Cancer. (2020). American Society of Clinical Oncology.

Keywords

Lung cancer
PD-L1
Immunotherapy
Biomarker
Lung adenocarcinoma
Medan City
2018

Abstract

This study aims to investigate the relationship between stage and tumor presenting score (TPS) programmed death ligand-1 in lung adenocarcinoma patients in Medan City in 2018. The study found a positive correlation between PD-L1 expressions and the status of heavy smokers and high cancer stage. This indicates that PD-L1 may play an important role in the development of lung cancer. The findings of this study have important implications in handling lung cancer patients and suggest that PD-L1 may be a useful biomarker for predicting the response to immunotherapy in lung cancer patients.
Q&A: Relationship of Stage and Tumor Presenting Score (TPS) Programmed Death Ligand-1 in Lung Adenocarcinoma Patients in Medan City in 2018

Frequently Asked Questions

Q: What is the main objective of this study?

A: The main objective of this study is to investigate the relationship between stage and tumor presenting score (TPS) programmed death ligand-1 in lung adenocarcinoma patients in Medan City in 2018.

Q: What is PD-L1 and how does it relate to lung cancer?

A: PD-L1 is a protein that is expressed on the surface of cancer cells and plays a crucial role in the immune response. When PD-L1 binds to its receptor, PD-1, it inhibits the activation of T-cells, which are essential for the immune response against cancer cells. Immunotherapy with monoclonal antibodies targeting PD-L1 has emerged as a new treatment strategy for lung cancer.

Q: What are the implications of this study for lung cancer patients?

A: The findings of this study suggest that PD-L1 may be a useful biomarker for predicting the response to immunotherapy in lung cancer patients. This means that doctors may be able to use PD-L1 expression to determine the most effective treatment strategy for individual patients.

Q: What are the limitations of this study?

A: This study has several limitations. The sample size was small, and the study was conducted in a single city. Therefore, the results may not be generalizable to other populations. Additionally, the study was conducted in 2018, and the results may not reflect the current situation.

Q: What are the future directions for research on PD-L1 in lung cancer?

A: Further research is needed to confirm the findings of this study and to understand more in the role of PD-L1 in the development and treatment of lung cancer. This can be achieved through larger and more diverse studies that investigate the relationship between PD-L1 expressions and the status of heavy smokers and high cancer stage.

Q: What are the potential benefits of using PD-L1 as a biomarker for lung cancer treatment?

A: The potential benefits of using PD-L1 as a biomarker for lung cancer treatment include the ability to predict the response to immunotherapy, which can lead to more effective treatment and improved patient outcomes.

Q: What are the potential risks or side effects of using PD-L1 as a biomarker for lung cancer treatment?

A: The potential risks or side effects of using PD-L1 as a biomarker for lung cancer treatment are not well understood and require further research. However, it is essential to note that PD-L1 is a protein that is naturally expressed on the surface of cancer cells, and its use as a biomarker is not expected to cause any adverse effects.

Q: How can patients and healthcare providers access the results of this study?

A: The results of this study are available in the form of a master's thesis, which can be accessed through the Universitas Sumatera Utara library or online through various academic databases.

Q: What are the next steps for research on PD-L1 in lung cancer?

A: The next steps for research on PD-L1 in lung cancer include conducting larger and more diverse studies to confirm the findings of this study and to understand more in the role of PD-L1 in the development and treatment of lung cancer.

Additional Resources

[1] Rizal, F. (2018). Relationship of Stage and Tumor Presenting Score (TPS) Programmed Death Ligand-1 in Lung Adenocarcinoma Patients in Medan City in 2018: A Descriptive Study. Master's Thesis, Universitas Sumatera Utara.
[2] Lung Cancer Facts and Figures. (2020). American Cancer Society.
[3] PD-L1 Expression in Lung Cancer. (2020). National Cancer Institute.
[4] Immunotherapy for Lung Cancer. (2020). American Society of Clinical Oncology.

Keywords

Lung cancer
PD-L1
Immunotherapy
Biomarker
Lung adenocarcinoma
Medan City
2018

Abstract

This Q&A article provides answers to frequently asked questions about the relationship between stage and tumor presenting score (TPS) programmed death ligand-1 in lung adenocarcinoma patients in Medan City in 2018. The study found a positive correlation between PD-L1 expressions and the status of heavy smokers and high cancer stage, which suggests that PD-L1 may play an important role in the development of lung cancer. The findings of this study have important implications for lung cancer patients and suggest that PD-L1 may be a useful biomarker for predicting the response to immunotherapy in lung cancer patients.